Working Principle of an Ignitor (Igniter)

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An ignitor (or igniter) is a device used to initiate combustion by producing a spark or heat. It is commonly used in:

Internal combustion engines (petrol/gas)

Gas stoves and burners

Gas geysers

Jet engines

Industrial furnaces

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⚙️ General Working Principle:

1. Power Supply:

The ignitor receives electrical power from a battery, AC mains, or ignition coil (in engines).

2. Energy Conversion:

The electric energy is either:

Converted into a spark (high voltage arc) — like in spark plugs.

Converted into heat — like in hot surface ignitors or glow plugs.

3. Ignition of Fuel:

The spark or heat ignites the air-fuel mixture (in engines) or gas (in burners/stoves).

This starts the combustion process.

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🔧 Types of Ignitors and Their Working:

Type Working

Spark Ignitor (e.g. spark plug) Generates high-voltage spark (10,000–40,000 volts) across a gap to ignite fuel-air mix.

Hot Surface Ignitor A ceramic element heats up (to ~1,200°C) when current passes, igniting gas. Used in furnaces.

Piezoelectric Ignitor Pressing a button creates mechanical force on a piezo crystal → voltage spark. Common in gas lighters.

Glow Plug (in diesel engines) Heats up using resistance heating to help ignite diesel fuel during cold starts.

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🔁 Cycle in Petrol Engine (Using Spark Ignitor):

1. Ignition coil steps up battery voltage.

2. High voltage goes to spark plug.

3. Spark jumps across plug gap.

4. Air-fuel mixture ignites.

5. Power stroke begins.

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Catalytic converter kaise kary karta hai

 🧪 Catalytic Converter कैसे कार्य करता है? (Hindi में)

Catalytic Converter एक ऐसा उपकरण है जो वाहन की exhaust गैसों (धुएं) में मौजूद हानिकारक गैसों को कम हानिकारक गैसों में बदल देता है।

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🔧 काम करने का तरीका (Step-by-Step)

1. 🔥 Engine से निकली हानिकारक गैसें

जब इंजन में ईंधन जलता है, तो निम्न गैसें निकलती हैं:

Carbon Monoxide (CO) – ज़हरीली गैस

Hydrocarbons (HC) – अधजले ईंधन के कण

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) – वायु और ईंधन से बनने वाली गैसें

2. 🧱 Catalytic Converter में प्रवेश

ये सारी गैसें एग्ज़ॉस्ट पाइप से होकर Catalytic Converter में जाती हैं, जो एक हनीकॉम्ब (छत्ते जैसे) ढांचे से बना होता है। उस पर Platinum, Palladium और Rhodium जैसी धातुओं की परत होती है।

3. ⚗️ रासायनिक क्रिया (Chemical Reaction)

Catalyst इन गैसों के साथ रासायनिक क्रिया करता है:

✅ Oxidation Reaction (ऑक्सीकरण):

CO (Carbon monoxide) → CO₂ (Carbon dioxide)

HC (Hydrocarbons) → CO₂ + H₂O (Carbon dioxide + Water)

✅ Reduction Reaction (अपचयन):

NOx (Nitrogen oxides) → N₂ (Nitrogen) + O₂ (Oxygen)

4. 🌬️ साफ गैसें बाहर निकलती हैं

अंत में जो गैसें बाहर निकलती हैं, वे होती हैं:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Water vapor (H₂O)

Nitrogen gas (N₂)

ये सभी पर्यावरण के लिए कम हानिकारक होती हैं।

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📘 डायग्राम (Text रूप में)

इंजन की धुआँ गैसें

        ↓

 [Catalytic Converter]

 ┌────────────────────┐

 │ Platinum, Palladium│

 │ और Rhodium धातु से │

 │ लेपित हनीकॉम्ब     │

 └────────────────────┘

 

Function of catalytic converter

 

A catalytic converter is a device used in the exhaust system of vehicles to reduce harmful emissions. It converts toxic gases from engine combustion into less harmful substances before they exit the exhaust pipe.

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🔧 Working Principle of Catalytic Converter

🔥 Step-by-Step Process:

1. Exhaust Gas Enters
   The exhaust gases (from engine combustion) enter the catalytic converter. These gases typically include:

   • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
   • Hydrocarbons (HC)
   • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

2. Catalyst Reaction Chamber
   Inside the catalytic converter, there’s a ceramic or metal honeycomb structure coated with catalyst metals like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh).

3. Redox Reactions
   The catalyst facilitates chemical reactions without being consumed:

   • ✅ Oxidation Reaction:

     • CO → CO₂ (Carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide)
     • HC → CO₂ + H₂O (Hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water)

   • ✅ Reduction Reaction:

     • NOx → N₂ + O₂ (Nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen)

4. Cleaner Exhaust Out
   The result is a much cleaner exhaust, mainly consisting of:

   • Nitrogen (N₂)
   • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
   • Water vapor (H₂O)

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📘 Diagram (Text Representation):

 [Engine Exhaust] 
     ↓
 [Catalytic Converter]
 ┌────────────────────┐
 │  Platinum, Palladium│
 │   and Rhodium Coated│
 │     Honeycomb       │
 └────────────────────┘
     ↓
[Clean Gases Out]
(N₂, CO₂, H₂O)

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⚙️ Types of Catalytic Converters:

1. Two-Way Catalytic Converter (used in older petrol engines)
2. Three-Way Catalytic Converter (modern vehicles; removes NOx also)

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🛑 Important Notes:

• Requires high temperature (~400–800°C) to operate efficiently.
• Unleaded fuel only – lead damages the catalyst.
• Faulty oxygen sensors or rich fuel mixtures can reduce its efficiency.